Ammonia and ammonium salts are also found in small quantities in rainwater, whereas ammonium chloride ( sal ammoniac), and ammonium sulfate are found in volcanic districts crystals of ammonium bicarbonate have been found in Patagonia guano. In any case, that salt ultimately gave ammonia and ammonium compounds their name.Īmmonia is a chemical found in trace quantities in nature, being produced from nitrogenous animal and vegetable matter. According to Herbert Hoover's commentary in his English translation of Georgius Agricola's De re metallica, it is likely to have been common sea salt. However, the description Pliny gives of the salt does not conform to the properties of ammonium chloride. Pliny, in Book XXXI of his Natural History, refers to a salt produced in the Roman province of Cyrenaica named hammoniacum, so called because of its proximity to the nearby Temple of Jupiter Amun ( Greek Ἄμμων Ammon). 9.1.6 Observations of nearby dark clouds.9.1.2 Interstellar destruction mechanisms.9.1.1 Interstellar formation mechanisms.8 Role in biological systems and human disease.6.11 Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid).6.6 Antimicrobial agent for food products.6.1.3 Redox properties of liquid ammonia.The concentration of such solutions is measured in units of the Baumé scale ( density), with 26 degrees Baumé (about 30% (by weight) ammonia at 15.5 ☌ or 59.9 ☏) being the typical high-concentration commercial product. Household ammonia or ammonium hydroxide is a solution of NH 3 in water. NH 3 boils at −33.34 ☌ (−28.012 ☏) at a pressure of one atmosphere, so the liquid must be stored under pressure or at low temperature. Industrial ammonia is sold either as ammonia liquor (usually 28% ammonia in water) or as pressurized or refrigerated anhydrous liquid ammonia transported in tank cars or cylinders. In 2021 this was 235 million tonnes, with very little being made within the United States. The global industrial production of ammonia in 2018 was 175 million tonnes, with no significant change relative to the 2013 global industrial production of 175 million tonnes. In many countries it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance, and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities. It is mainly collected by downward displacement of both air and water.Īlthough common in nature-both terrestrially and in the outer planets of the Solar System-and in wide use, ammonia is both caustic and hazardous in its concentrated form. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many pharmaceutical products and is used in many commercial cleaning products. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, particularly among aquatic organisms, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to 45 percent of the world's food and fertilizers. A stable binary hydride, and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinct pungent smell. Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH 3.
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